Sickle Cell Is A Disease - 924 Words

Sickle Cell is a disease that you hear about, but not as often as you should. It is an inherited disease, â€Å"the name derives from the red cells in the blood of sufferers and they take on the shape on a sickle (crescent shape).† Another name for sickle cell is sickle cell anemia, because in some cases people become anemic. With this disease comes low levels of hemoglobin, which is the red substance in your blood that contains iron and carries oxygen. Due to the irregular shaped cells this can cause blockage and prevent normal blood flow, this prevents the cells carrying oxygen around the body properly. Shortage of oxygen can lead to damage that can occur in almost just about any organ in the body. Sickle cell is found more often in African Americans. It is said that the disease originated from Africa and most common in West Africa. As far as treatment is concerned thankfully progression in modern science and medicine these last ten years have brought greatly improved techniques. One of the first forms of treatment is nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is a gas that scientists have tested on mice. This has been found to prevent the dehydration of the cells and the hemoglobin formation of sickle rods. The second possibility is blood transfusions. Transfusions are essential when dealing with severe cases of the Paper 2 anemia. The process is called apheresis, which avoids overloading the patient’s body with iron, thus removing damaged cells from circulation. Although this has beenShow MoreRelatedSickle And The Sickle Cell Disease1369 Words   |  6 PagesThe sickle cell disease affects about 100,000 people in the America. The most common ethnic group the sickle cell anemia is seen in is African Americans and Hispanics. Approximately one in every ten African American and one in every one hundred Hispanic Americans have the sickle cell trait. Approximately two million people have the sickle cell trait in America. Approximately one in five- hundred African Americans and one in one thousand to one thousand and four hundred Hispanic-Americans have sickleRead MoreSickle Of Sickle Cell Disease706 Words   |  3 PagesSickle Cell Disease Sickle Cell Disease or also widely known as Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic mutation caused in red blood cells destroys its own cells within and reshaping the cell wall resembling crescent or sickle shape; getting its name of the sickle cell disease. These sickled shaped cells attempt to perform its normal function of circulating oxygenated and deoxygenated RBC and gets lodged in small vessels causing vaso-occlusion. Where vaso-occlusive take effect, rest of the body is not receivingRead MoreThe Sickle Of Sickle Cell Disease921 Words   |  4 PagesSickle Cell Disease, also referred to as SCD, is a genetically inherited disease that causes abnormal hemoglobin, called hemoglobin S or sickle hemoglobin, in red blood cells. This disease currently affects about 90,000-100,000 Americans, a majority being African-American. Because SCD is genetically inherited, it is not contagious. It is inherited when both parents of a child carry the sickle cell trait, also called SCT. SCT and SCD are not the same. In SCT, the person is generally healthy and doesRead MoreSickle Of Sickle Cell Disease2167 Words   |  9 PagesSickle cell disease is an ailment that specifically targets red blood cells, causing them to sickle into a cone shape and hinders the transfer of oxygen to other parts of the body. Lack of oxygen can damage tissues and cause major problems for the person affected. As a black male, I am very familiar with sickle cell disease. I have family members with the disease, such as my uncle who was very susceptible to illness as a child due to the disease. I remember him telling me how his body would acheRead MoreThe Sickle Of Sickle Cell Disease852 Words   |  4 PagesSickle cell disease was discovered in 1910 in the United States. Many cases came to surface after that, and it was clear that sickle cell disease is predominantly common in the African American ethnicity. Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin of red blood cells. The most common , known sickle cell disease is sickle cell anemia. There is no cure for Sickle cell disease, but there was a treatment that help relieve pain, prevent infections, and prevent organ damage. A drug calledRead MoreThe Sickle Of Sickle Cell Disease1381 Words   |  6 PagesSickle cell disease is a group of inherited blood disorders that affects the red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin. This disease is very interesting because it actually is said to have protective advantages against malaria in the traits heterozygous form. Some scientists, along with students at Kenyon college, claim that the sickle cell trait has evolved or has been naturally selected because it provides vital protection from malaria (Camperchioli). This is mainly backed by the fact thatRead MoreSickle Cell Disease1368 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: Sickle cell disease is a severe genetic disorder which generates deformed red blood cells (RBCs). These altered red blood cells can obstruct the blood vessels causing vaso-occlusion complications. The current management of sickle cell disease is symptomatic, with the lack of any specific treatment for vaso-occlusion. Some of the recent studies have suggested the role of pro-inflammatory activity of aged neutrophils and induction of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. In additionRead MoreSickle Cell Anemia And The Disease1149 Words   |  5 PagesSickle Cell Anemia LaToya R Walker American Public University Systems Abstract This paper will discuss Sickle Cell Anemia. It will describe what the disease is as well as how its contracted. The paper will go on to on to discuss the symtoms risk and statistics of sickle cell aniema. The paper will end with discussing treatment for the disease. Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia or Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a passed down blood disorder that attacks and destroys the red blood cells. This DiseaseRead More Sickle Cell Disease Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesSickle Cell Disease Sickle Cell Disease is an illness that affects people all across the globe. This paper will give a description of the sickness through the discussion of the causes, symptoms, and possible cures. Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders.(1) These disorders can have various afflictions, such as pain, damage and a low blood count--Sickle Cell Anemia. The overall incidence of SCD is eight out of 100,000 people. However, it isRead MoreSickle Cell Disease And Cancer848 Words   |  4 PagesSickle Cell Disease and Thalassemias Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) and Thalassemias are similar blood disorders with some important differences. Sickle Cell Disease is a disorder where the red blood cells are sickle-shaped, which causes them to stick to vessel walls preventing much needed oxygen from traveling through the body. Thalassemias has normal looking red blood cells, but the body does not make enough healthy cells or hemoglobin. This means there is a lack of oxygen because the body does not

High Blood Pressure Is The Resistance Of Blood Vessels

Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels, and the magnitude of this force depends on the cardiac output and the resistance of the blood vessels. When the systolic blood pressure (SBP) which is the pressure as the heart pumps blood around the body is 140 mm Hg or more, or a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) which is the pressure as the heart relaxes and refills with blood, is 90 mm Hg or more, and the individual is taking antihypertensive medication, it is called Hypertension (Madhur, 2014). High blood pressure is a major risk factor for various other illnesses and even death due to several cardiac and vascular diseases. It is assessed that about 54% of strokes, 47% of heart attacks, 75% of hypertensive disease, 25% of other heart disease, 13.5% of all mortality, and 6% of morbidity are linked to Hypertension (Khraim Pike, 2014). Hypertension affects about 70 million adults in the United States. Only about half (52%) of people with hypertensio n have their blood pressure under control. Nearly 1 in 3 American adults have prehypertension which means that blood pressure numbers are greater than usual, but not in the high blood pressure range. Hypertension costs the country about $46 billion annually. This comprises the cost of health care services, drugs to treat hypertension, and days of absence from work (CDC, 2015). Pathophysiology of the disease The pathogenesis of essential hypertension involves various elements and is extremelyShow MoreRelatedPhysio Ex Lab Exercise 5 Cardiovascular Dynamics 1-41736 Words   |  7 Pageshow blood vessel radius affects blood flow rate. * To understand how vessel radius is changed in the body. * To understand how to interpret a graph of blood Bessel radius versus blood flow rate. * To understand how blood viscosity affects blood flow rate. * To list the components in the blood that contribute to blood viscosity. * To explain conditions that might lead to viscosity changes in the blood. * To understand how to interpret a graph of viscosity versus blood flowRead MoreDoes The Human Circulatory System Apply Physics Concept? Essay1321 Words   |  6 Pagessystem apply concepts in physics as the blood circulates through the entire system? The circulatory system’s main objective is to transport blood throughout all the necessary parts of the body. The blood in effect transports nutrients and oxygen to these body parts and wastes away from these body parts to the organs that excrete them out of the body. The heart is the nerve centre of the circulatory system. This is so as it is this organ that pumps the blood that carries both the nutrients and wastesRead MoreBlood Pressure Regulation1269 Words   |  6 PagesBlood pressure regulation and changes occurring after increase in blood pressure Each time the heart pumps, it sends blood all over the body to supply organs and tissues with oxygen and nutrients. The strength of the force created as the heart pumps blood into the vessels together with the vessels’ resistance to the blood flow is defined as the body’s blood pressure (Darovic, 2002). A normal range blood pressure (BP) must be between 100-130mmHg systolic (when the heart is beating) and 60-90mmHgRead MoreWhat Is Pharmacology And It s Purpose?1482 Words   |  6 PagesAngina, which is sometimes called angina pectoris, is chest pain that is caused by inadequate coronary blood flow to the myocardium. When coronary blood flow cannot deliver sufficient oxygen to support cardiac oxidative metabolism (reduced oxygen), the myocardium becomes hypoxic. This triggers pain receptors within the heart, which lead to chest pain and the sensation of heaviness and pressure. One medication associated with angina is Ranexa, which is a category c drug. A drug may be classifiedRead MoreMedical Case Study1511 Words   |  7 Pagespresented in the ED with a history of chronic alcoholism, diabetes mellitis type 2, aortic valve stenosis and shortness of breath. He states that he cannot catch his breath and has constant burning chest discomfort for one week without substernal chest pressure. He reports coughing with production of sputum and denies having these symptoms before. He does drink alcohol (including today) and admitted to drug use (marijuana). He developed worsening respiratory distress in the ED and was placed on a BipapRead MorePoiseuille’s Law Assists in Knowledge About the Human Body Essay588 Words   |  3 Pagesstates the volume in a tube is directly proportional to pressure difference between both ends of the tube and inversely related to the length. Poiseuille’s law was discovered by Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille in 1840 (Poiseu ille’s). Jean Louis used his experiments to find the smooth, laminar flow in circular tubing (Jean-Louis). His findings can be described as the flow of blood through the body and bronchial smooth muscle. When the resistance of a fluid increases, the flow will decrease. One exampleRead MoreMedication Of Blood Clot Formation1289 Words   |  6 PagesPart A They have been working. But aspirin helps to prevent blood clot formation and not elimination. Due to diabetes, insulin resistance in your body is high, excessive cholesterol and fat consumption will increase chances of heart diseases more. These factors lead to accumulation of blood clots and damaged arteries which increase blood pressure and decrease blood flow to your heart that is beyond what aspirin can regulate. 66 words You did not experience a heart attack as the test for CKMBRead MoreA Short Note On Diabetes And Adult Onset Diabetes1652 Words   |  7 Pagestakes glucose from your blood and moves it into the cells which fuels your cells, enabling them to function properly (mayo clinic, 2014). Contradictory to type 1 diabetes, the pancreas still functions and produces insulin with type 2 (Rosdahl Kowalski, 2012, p. [Page #1294]). The reason why the effectiveness of insulin is inhibited with type 2 diabetes is because of insulin resistance or the pancreas cannot produce the amount of insulin that the body demands. Insulin resistance is commonly caused byRead MoreThe Circulatory System Controls The Steady Circulation1273 Words   |  6 PagesThe circulatory system controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of heart and blood vessels. It is intricately designed to get blood, oxygen, and nutrients to each and every cell through the human body. While bringing cells the nec essities to replenish themselves and multiply, the circulatory system also aids in the removal of waste and the return of deoxygenated blood back to the heart and lungs. This is done through the heart, lungs, arteries, veins, and capillariesRead MoreLab Assignment1565 Words   |  7 Pagesnourishment that are both received from the pumping of blood. Increased venous return causes the stroke volume to increase. 3. Discuss the importance of the change in CO with exercise? (1 point) The muscles are metabolizing much quicker to produce the mechanical energy required for exercise, meaning they need more oxygen. Blood is how the body delivers O2 to the tissues, hence your skeletal muscles need more blood. The way to get more blood to the tissues is to increase cardiac output. Application

The Electoral College Essay - 1646 Words

The Electoral College The Electoral College, friend or foe? The answer behind this question is in the minds of those that understand it. Whether it be a friend or a foe there will always be opposing sides and a controversial verse. Since the political circumstance of today, the Electoral College seems to be the topic in every conversation and the thesis to every essay. The uncontrollable desire to know the truth behind the mystery is stirring in the minds of the people in the United States of America. With the 2000 Elections underway sides are beginning to be taken among the people. Many oppose the Electoral College because of the fact that unknowing electors choose their leader and many support it because it was†¦show more content†¦This way both the people and congress could elect the president, or at least that was what was intended. The structure of the Electoral College was similar to that of the Centurial Assembly system of the Roman Republic. Under that system, the adult male citizens of Rome were divided, according to their wealth, into groups of 100 (called Centuries). Each group of 100 was entitled to cast only one vote either in favor of against proposals submitted to them by the Roman Senate. - as stated by William C. Kimberling, Deputy Director FEC Office of Election Administration. The Founding Fathers obviously knew if the Centurial Assembly worked for the Roman Republic because they were well schooled in ancient history, but were they sure if this ancient system of elections worked for their present-forever changing day? In order to answer that question they had to put it to the test. The Electoral College is made up of 538 members. Each member represents a state. The electors are equal to the number of representatives and senators a state has. For example if a state has 20 representatives and senators (always 2) than it has 22 electors . But in order to maintain balance between the legislative and executive branches no member of Congress and employees of the Federal Government can becomeShow MoreRelatedThe Electoral And Electoral College993 Words   |  4 PagesThe Electoral College The Electoral College system was first established in article two of the constitution and updated by the 12th Amendment in 1804 which is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, combine with the Republican Party to its right. Tracing to its origins returns to Thomas Jefferson s and James Madison s Democratic-Republicans. The modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828, making it the world s oldest operational party. During the 2000Read MoreThe Electoral And Electoral College1017 Words   |  5 Pagestoday as the Electoral College is one that has been in place in our country for over 100 years. The Electoral College is a system that helps determine who is elected as President and Vice President during major elections. The Electoral College is the primary source of determining who is elected. This system although having withheld through the times and stayed in place is not effective to me, and can lead to unfair elections in the eyes of some Am erican People. The Electoral College gained its originsRead MoreThe Electoral And Electoral College1286 Words   |  6 PagesQuery 1) The Electoral College was created in the beginning to make a buffer between the selection of a President and the population. It was also created so that the smaller states received extra power as to not be overpowered by the larger states. Currently, the Electoral College consists of 538 electors. The number of members in the House of Representatives and Senate decides the numbers of votes that a state receives. The District of Columbia however has three electors and has been looked at likeRead MoreThe Electoral And Electoral College1756 Words   |  8 PagesHillary Clinton won the popular vote, yet Donald Trump is president because he won the Electoral College. The Electoral College is the system that the United States of America uses to elect the president and vice president. A couple of groups have a problem with how the Electoral College currently operates with people like Barbara Boxer, a California Senator, stating that â€Å"94% of campaigning by the presidential candidates in 2016 took place in 12 states. That was it. Two-thirds of these general electionRead MoreThe Electoral And Electoral College2107 Words   |  9 Pagespresident, they are actually voting for presidential electors, who are known as a whole to be the electoral college. These electors, who are elected by citizens of the United States, are the ones that elect the chief executive. The electoral college has shaped the past, present, and future of the United States ever since it was constructed by the Constitutional Convention of 1787. The electoral college was created with fair and good intentions. It was created to allow all citizens to participate inRead MoreElectoral College Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pages1787, the Electoral College was originally created during the Constitutional Convention to help make a fair way for the president to be elected without giving too much power to either the national government or individual states. Over the years, the Electoral College has undergone a few changes in attempt to make it more fair, but there is still much debate about whether or not the Electoral College is the most effective way to elect a president. Some people believe that the Electoral College does anRead More Electoral College Essay1290 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;With the surge of controversy surrounding the recent election, the United States has rekindled the Electoral College debate. However, this isn’t the first time that a tight election has resulted in unclear or contested results. Nor is it the first time the Electoral College has made a pr esident out of the popular vote loser. In the over two hundred years since its construction, the Electoral College has demonstrated its shortcomings with more than its share of mishaps. Is this system a tribute toRead MoreThe Election Of The Electoral College Essay1380 Words   |  6 Pagesestablished the electoral college to give the original thirteen states a fair voice in the election process. This country electoral called the electoral college into question on more the one occasion. In the most recent election, President-elect Donald Trump won the electoral vote over Hillary Clinton. Hillary Clinton won the popular vote. This election has sent the country into an uproar and citizens of the United States are now challenging the legitimacy of the electoral college process. This paperRead MoreRepresentation Of The Electoral College Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesFounding Fathers’ idea of an Electoral College is not the same as our current Electoral College as amendments ha ve changed their structure and function. Despite the changes and adaptations to our country’s changes, the Electoral College is still the method that selects presidents and vice presidents. Exploration of the structure and function of the Electoral College will provide an opportunity to understand its formation and operation while the debate between the Electoral College and popular vote usageRead MoreEssay on Electoral College1295 Words   |  6 Pages Electoral College (audience: people of the U.S.) You walk into the voting booth on the first Tuesday of November to cast your vote for who you think should be President. You take your ballot into the box believing, as most people do, that your vote will be counted along with the rest of the population. You do this because you believe it could be the deciding vote for the presidential race. Well, you are horribly mistaken. What you may not realize is that the Electoral College actually elects the

Statistical Inference Business Estimates

Question: Discuss about the Statistical Inference for Business Estimates. Answer: 1. The below table shows the results of an OLS regression of US real GDP growth rates (REALGDP) on changes of oil prices (OIL), interest rate (INTERESTRATE) and inflation rates (INFLATION) (monthly data from 1990 to 2013): Discuss the statistical significance of the parameters, interpret the sign and magnitude of the estimates, and overall fit of the model. Solution: The p-value for the independent variable or predictor oil is given as 0.003 which is less than level of significance or alpha value 0.01, so we reject the null hypothesis that the predictor oil is not significant. This means we conclude that the independent variable or the predictor oil for the given regression model is statistically significant. The p-value for the independent variable or predictor interest rate is given as 0.032 which is greater than the significance level or alpha 0.01, so we do not reject the null hypothesis that the predictor interest rate is not significant at 1% level of significance. For the independent variable or predictor inflation, the p-value is given as 0.145 which is greater than significance level or alpha value 0.01, so at the 1% level of significance we do not reject the null hypothesis that the predictor inflation is not statistically significant. So, overall we conclude that the predictor oil is significant while the predictors interest rate and i nflation are not statistically significant for the given regression model. The constant for the regression equation or the y-intercept is statistically significant as the p-value is given as 0.00 which is less than the significance level 0.01. The signs for the given three predictors are negative; this means there is negative impact of these variables on the real GDP growth rates. The coefficient of determination or the value of the R square plays an important role in determining the explained variation in the dependent variable due to the independent variables in the given model. The value of the adjusted R-square or the coefficient of determination is given as 0.58 which means about 58% of the variation in the response variable real GDP is explained by the predictors oil, interest rates and inflation. Are the results in line with the predictions of the theory and why? Solution: For answering this question regarding with the predictions of the theory, we need to use the decision rule. We reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is less than the given level of significance or alpha value and we do not reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is greater than the given level of significance or alpha value. From the given information for the regression model, it is observed that predictor oil is statistically significant and other two predictors interest rates and inflation are not statistically significant. From the given information it is observed that the predictor oil is statistically significant because for this predictor the p-value is less than the given level of significance. So, we reject the null hypothesis that the predictor oil is not a statistically significant. This means that the predictor oil is significant. For the other two predictors interest rates and inflation, the p-values for both predictors are greater than the given level of significan ce, so we do not reject the null hypothesis that the given predictors are not statistically significant. So, these results are not in line with the predictions of the theory. For the purpose of the unbiased prediction of the response variable real GDP, it is important to have all predictors statistically significant. 3. A company wants to produce three different mobile phones, with low-range, mid-range and high-range specifications, respectively. A survey with 100 respondents has been used to reveal the choices of potential customers. The company wants to review the figures to see if the three mobile phones would be equally popular. The results of the Chi-Square test are given in the following tables: Describe the null hypothesis for the Chi-Square test. Solution: For the given scenario, company wants to check whether the three different mobile phones are equally popular or not. For checking this claim we have to use the chi square test. The null and alternative hypothesis for this chi square test is given as below: Null hypothesis: H0: The popularity of low-range, mid-range and high-range specification mobile phones is same. Alternative hypothesis: Ha: The popularity of low-range, mid-range and high-range specification mobile phones is not same. Discuss the results and explain whether there are statistically significant differences in the preference for the three devices. Solution: We know that the decision rule for rejecting or do not rejecting the null hypothesis. We reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is less than the given level of significance or alpha value and we do not reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is greater than the given level of significance or alpha value. The p-value for the chi square test is given as 0.032 which is greater than the level of significance or alpha value 0.01, so we do not reject the null hypothesis that the popularity of low-range, mid-range and high-range specification mobile phones is same. This means at the 1% level of significance there is no any statistically significant differences in the preferences for the three devices. What are the underlying assumptions of the Chi-Square test? Explain if, in your opinion, those are met in the above examples. Solution: The assumptions for the chi square test are given as below: One variable should be categorical variable. The observations should be independent. The group of categorical variables should be mutually exclusive. There must be at least 5 expected frequencies. For the given chi square test, it is observed that the variable specification of mobile phone is a categorical variable. Also all observations are independent and there are 0 cells have expected frequencies less than 5. So, all assumptions are followed by this test. References: Casella, G, and Berger, R, L, 2002, Statistical Inference, Duxbury Press. Cox, D, R, and Hinkley, D, V, 2000, Theoretical Statistics, Chapman and Hall Ltd. Liese, F, and Miescke, K, 2008, Statistical Decision Theory: Estimation, Testing, and Selection, Springer.